Conflict Resolution in Tobelo North Halmahera
Keywords:
Conflict Resolution, Hibua Lamo Community, North Halmahera
Abstract
Conflicts and religious (Islamic and Christian) violence within the Hibua Lamo Halmahera Utara community can not be solved by religious leaders' approaches, whereas in many cases, religious conflicts can be resolved through religious leaders' approaches. Conflict resolution in the Hibua Lamo community is an attempt to analyze and solve problems, considering cultural values. This study uses qualitative methods to describe and analyze conflict resolution technology in the Hibua Lamo community. Data collection techniques are done through observation, interview, and documentation. The results show that the first resolution of conflict and the realization of social cohesion within the Hibua Lamo community, due to the immediate awareness of the community played by the local elite, with the approach of traditional leaders to return to nature as indigenous people immediately. Secondly, Hein Namotemo (traditional leader), acting as a locomotive of conflict resolution, escorted himself to two powers, the Regent of North Halmahera and "Jikomakolano" (guardian of indigenous territories). With both these forces, Hein managed to maintain social cohesion. Thirdly, three factors give the spirit to maintain social cohesion within the Hibua Lamo community: "First, continuous efforts to instill and preserve the cultural values of Hibua Lamo universally to the community. Second, Always preserve mutually agreed reconciliation values on April 19, 2001. Third, local government, together with local elites, functions and empowers the role of customary institutions as a social glue and a pillar of preserving local cultural values.
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References
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Furnivall, J. . (1954). Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. Cambridge University Press.
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Karima, E. M., Wulandari, F. T., Firza, F., & Abianza, E. (2024). Transversal competencies in augmented reality-based history learning. 10(2), 299–308.
Lavee, E., & Itzchakov, G. (2023). Good listening: A key element in establishing quality in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 23(3), 614–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941211039402
McGrattan, C., & Hopkins, S. (2017). Memory in Post-Conflict Societies: From Contention to Integration? Ethnopolitics, 16(5), 488–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2016.1218644
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (pp. 1–337).
Mumulati, R., Cholis Idham, N., & Sugini, N. (2023). Study of Neo-Traditional Architecture of Hibualamo Traditional House Between Form, Function and Meaning Relationship as a Representation of Tobelo Culture. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 9(3), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20230903.15
Ndulo, M. (2011). Indiana Journal of Global Legal Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Studies African Customary Law, Customs, and Women’s Rights African Customary Law, Customs, and Women’s Rights African Customary Law, Customs, and Women’s Rights. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 18(1).
Nur, A. M. (2018). Social Changes And Conflicts In Orang Sekaum In The North Halmahera Peace Zone. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(8), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.58.4922
Paalo, S. A., & Issifu, A. K. (2021). De-internationalizing Hybrid Peace: State-Traditional Authority Collaboration and Conflict Resolution in Northern Ghana. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 15(3), 406–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1856551
Pasteruk, I. (2020). Community Development in Indonesia: Contemporary Aspects of Culture. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 477, 338–342. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201017.075
Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Services Research, 34(5 Pt 2), 1189–1208.
Pelletier, A., & Soedirgo, J. (2017). The de-escalation of violence and the political economy of peace-mongering: Evidence from Maluku, Indonesia. South East Asia Research, 25(4), 325–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967828X17739495
Rao, M., & Vidyattama, Y. (2017). The economic cost of violent conflict: the case of Maluku province in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 53(3), 281–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2017.1298720
Saumur, A. S., Tekka, A., Masuku, A., Abdullah, W., Ilyas, U., & Husein, M. A. (2024). Hibualamo as a Forum in Realizing Religious Moderation and Structuring the Social Life of the Tobelo Ethnic Community. Electronic Journal of Education, Social Economic and Technology, 5(2), 190–196.
Schulze, K. E. (2017). The “ethnic” in Indonesia’s communal conflicts: violence in Ambon, Poso, and Sambas. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(12), 2096–2114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1277030
Spyer, P. (2017). Reel accidents: Screening the Ummah under Siege in Wartime Maluku. Current Anthropology, 58, S27–S40. https://doi.org/10.1086/688734
Sulaeman, S., Ridwan, M., Nurdin, A., Malawat, M., Kasim, E. W., Darma, D., & Yusuf, H. (2023). Communication Patterns of Muslim Communities’ After Involvement in the Pela Gandong Ritual in Moluccas Immanuel Church, Indonesia. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 57(3), 1024–1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-023-09753-4
Sulaeman, S., Ridwan, M., Sulastri, I., Banawi, A., Salam, N., Darma, D., & Kasim, E. W. (2022). Muslim communities’ identity transformation through the pela gandong ritual communication in Moluccas Immanuel Church, Indonesia. In Contemporary Islam (Vol. 16, Issues 2–3). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-022-00489-3
Surwandono, S. (2012). Menakar Resolusi Konflik di Dunia Islam. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 1(1), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.2012.0003.27-31
Susen, S. (2024). The Interpretation of Cultures: Geertz Is Still in Town. Sociologica, 18(1), 25–63. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/18664
Tajima, Y. (2014). The Problem of Local Order: A View from theKampung. The Institutional Origins of Communal Violence, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139235716.005
Titaley, E., & Nur, A. M. (2022). Conflict and Violence Within the Hibua Lamo Community in Tobelo North Halmahera. Sosiohumaniora, 24(2), 183. https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v24i2.38168
Werner, K., & Lambsdorff, J. G. (2020). Emotional Numbing and Lessons Learned after a Violent Conflict–Experimental Evidence from Ambon, Indonesia. Journal of Development Studies, 56(5), 859–873. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1590550
Wilson, C. (2011). Provocation or excuse?: Process-tracing the impact of elite propaganda in a violent conflict in Indonesia. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 17(4), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2011.622629
Wilson, C. (2015). Illiberal democracy and violent conflict in contemporary Indonesia. Democratization, 22(7), 1317–1337. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2014.949680
Wouters, J. J. P. (2019). Highland Asia as a field of anthropological study. The Highlander: Journal of Highland Asia, 1(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.2218/thj.v1.2019.4188
Wouters, J. J. P., & Subba, T. B. (2013). The “Indian Face,” India’s Northeast, and “The Idea of India.” Asian Anthropology, 12(2), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/1683478x.2013.849484
Zahle, J. (2023). Reactivity and good data in qualitative data collection. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 13(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-023-00514-z
Zurvani, M. (2024). Examining Clifford Geertz ’ s Cultural Approach to Semiotics of Religion. The International Journal of Humanities, 31(1), 48–68.
Adebayo et al. (2013). Relationship Between Corporate Governance And Organizational Performance : Nigerian Listed Organizations Experience. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(9), 1–6.
Ajayi, A., & Buhari, L. (2014). Methods of Conflict Resolution in African Traditional Society. African Research Review, 8(2), 138. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v8i2.9
Al Qurtuby, S. (2013). Peacebuilding in Indonesia: Christian-Muslim Alliances in Ambon Island. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 24(3), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2013.785091
Bayeh, E., Ayferam, G., & Muchie, Z. (2015). Traditional Conflict Resolution as a Better Option to Court Proceeding : An Attitude and Practice in Ambo Town. 3(April), 206–208.
Belloni, R. (2012). Hybrid peace governance: Its emergence and significance. Global Governance, 18(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01801004
Collins, J. (2003). Language death in Maluku The impact of the VOC. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde, 159, 247–289.
Colombijn, F. (2018). The Production of Urban Space by Violence and its Aftermath in Jakarta and Kota Ambon, Indonesia. Ethnos, 83(1), 58–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2016.1138983
Creswell, J. W. (2007). QUALITATIVE INQUIRY& RESEARCH DESIGN Choosing Among Five Approaches. In Public Administration (Vol. 77, Issue 4, pp. 1–151). https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00177
Dahrendorf, R. (1958). Toward a theory of social conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(2), 170–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2004.11043716
Dahrendorf, R. (1959). Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. The British Journal of Sociology, 11(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.2307/587428
Dandirwalu, R., & Qodim, H. (2021). Baileo as a peace model for christian and muslim communities in maluku. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 77(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i3.6529
Duncan, C. R. (2007). The Devil is in the Details: representations of conflict in North Maluku, eastern Indonesia. Goldsmiths, 1–19.
Duncan, C. R. (2016). Coexistence not Reconciliation: From Communal Violence to Non-Violence in North Maluku, Eastern Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 17(5), 460–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2016.1206615
Firza, F., & Aisiah, A. (2019). Error of Proposal Writing by Students. 253(Aes 2018), 359–363.
Furnivall, J. . (1954). Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. Cambridge University Press.
Gena, A. M., & Jarra, K. I. (2023). An appraisal of the practice of indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms in building a culture of peace in Bale zones, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Heliyon, 9(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14970
Ginty, R. Mac, & Richmond, O. P. (2013). The local turn in peace building: A critical agenda for peace. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 763–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
Gunkel, M., Schlaegel, C., & Taras, V. (2016). Cultural values, emotional intelligence, and conflict handling styles: A global study. Journal of World Business, 51(4), 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.02.001
Hägerdal, H. (2019). Contact zones and external connectivities in southern Maluku, Indonesia: A reassessment of colonial impact, trade, and autonomous agendas. Indonesia and the Malay World, 47(138), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2019.1583884
Kaartinen, T. (2019). Islamic transformations in the periphery of Maluku, Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World, 47(138), 184–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2019.1583428
Karima, E. M., Wulandari, F. T., Firza, F., & Abianza, E. (2024). Transversal competencies in augmented reality-based history learning. 10(2), 299–308.
Lavee, E., & Itzchakov, G. (2023). Good listening: A key element in establishing quality in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 23(3), 614–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941211039402
McGrattan, C., & Hopkins, S. (2017). Memory in Post-Conflict Societies: From Contention to Integration? Ethnopolitics, 16(5), 488–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2016.1218644
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (pp. 1–337).
Mumulati, R., Cholis Idham, N., & Sugini, N. (2023). Study of Neo-Traditional Architecture of Hibualamo Traditional House Between Form, Function and Meaning Relationship as a Representation of Tobelo Culture. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 9(3), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20230903.15
Ndulo, M. (2011). Indiana Journal of Global Legal Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Studies African Customary Law, Customs, and Women’s Rights African Customary Law, Customs, and Women’s Rights African Customary Law, Customs, and Women’s Rights. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 18(1).
Nur, A. M. (2018). Social Changes And Conflicts In Orang Sekaum In The North Halmahera Peace Zone. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(8), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.58.4922
Paalo, S. A., & Issifu, A. K. (2021). De-internationalizing Hybrid Peace: State-Traditional Authority Collaboration and Conflict Resolution in Northern Ghana. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 15(3), 406–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1856551
Pasteruk, I. (2020). Community Development in Indonesia: Contemporary Aspects of Culture. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 477, 338–342. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201017.075
Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Services Research, 34(5 Pt 2), 1189–1208.
Pelletier, A., & Soedirgo, J. (2017). The de-escalation of violence and the political economy of peace-mongering: Evidence from Maluku, Indonesia. South East Asia Research, 25(4), 325–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967828X17739495
Rao, M., & Vidyattama, Y. (2017). The economic cost of violent conflict: the case of Maluku province in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 53(3), 281–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2017.1298720
Saumur, A. S., Tekka, A., Masuku, A., Abdullah, W., Ilyas, U., & Husein, M. A. (2024). Hibualamo as a Forum in Realizing Religious Moderation and Structuring the Social Life of the Tobelo Ethnic Community. Electronic Journal of Education, Social Economic and Technology, 5(2), 190–196.
Schulze, K. E. (2017). The “ethnic” in Indonesia’s communal conflicts: violence in Ambon, Poso, and Sambas. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(12), 2096–2114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1277030
Spyer, P. (2017). Reel accidents: Screening the Ummah under Siege in Wartime Maluku. Current Anthropology, 58, S27–S40. https://doi.org/10.1086/688734
Sulaeman, S., Ridwan, M., Nurdin, A., Malawat, M., Kasim, E. W., Darma, D., & Yusuf, H. (2023). Communication Patterns of Muslim Communities’ After Involvement in the Pela Gandong Ritual in Moluccas Immanuel Church, Indonesia. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 57(3), 1024–1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-023-09753-4
Sulaeman, S., Ridwan, M., Sulastri, I., Banawi, A., Salam, N., Darma, D., & Kasim, E. W. (2022). Muslim communities’ identity transformation through the pela gandong ritual communication in Moluccas Immanuel Church, Indonesia. In Contemporary Islam (Vol. 16, Issues 2–3). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-022-00489-3
Surwandono, S. (2012). Menakar Resolusi Konflik di Dunia Islam. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 1(1), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.2012.0003.27-31
Susen, S. (2024). The Interpretation of Cultures: Geertz Is Still in Town. Sociologica, 18(1), 25–63. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/18664
Tajima, Y. (2014). The Problem of Local Order: A View from theKampung. The Institutional Origins of Communal Violence, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139235716.005
Titaley, E., & Nur, A. M. (2022). Conflict and Violence Within the Hibua Lamo Community in Tobelo North Halmahera. Sosiohumaniora, 24(2), 183. https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v24i2.38168
Werner, K., & Lambsdorff, J. G. (2020). Emotional Numbing and Lessons Learned after a Violent Conflict–Experimental Evidence from Ambon, Indonesia. Journal of Development Studies, 56(5), 859–873. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1590550
Wilson, C. (2011). Provocation or excuse?: Process-tracing the impact of elite propaganda in a violent conflict in Indonesia. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 17(4), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2011.622629
Wilson, C. (2015). Illiberal democracy and violent conflict in contemporary Indonesia. Democratization, 22(7), 1317–1337. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2014.949680
Wouters, J. J. P. (2019). Highland Asia as a field of anthropological study. The Highlander: Journal of Highland Asia, 1(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.2218/thj.v1.2019.4188
Wouters, J. J. P., & Subba, T. B. (2013). The “Indian Face,” India’s Northeast, and “The Idea of India.” Asian Anthropology, 12(2), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/1683478x.2013.849484
Zahle, J. (2023). Reactivity and good data in qualitative data collection. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 13(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-023-00514-z
Zurvani, M. (2024). Examining Clifford Geertz ’ s Cultural Approach to Semiotics of Religion. The International Journal of Humanities, 31(1), 48–68.
