Forest Zoning as a Pedagogical System: Intergenerational Transmission of Ecological Knowledge in the Dukuh Indigenous Community
Keywords:
Cultural Ecology, Dukuh Indigenous Community, Forest Zoning System, Indigenous Ecological Knowledge, Intergenerational Knowledge Transmission
Abstract
Amidst global environmental change, the erosion of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) poses a critical threat to biodiversity conservation and sustainable governance. While TEK is widely recognized, the mechanisms of its intergenerational transmission, particularly how it is embedded within spatial governance, remain a significant gap in cultural ecology and Indigenous studies. This study examines how the forest zoning system of the Dukuh Indigenous community in West Java, Indonesia, functions as a pedagogical infrastructure. Using a qualitative instrumental case study design, data were collected over eight months through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentary analysis with customary leaders, elders, adults, and youth, followed by thematic analysis. Findings reveal that the zoning system, comprising five zones including leuweung tutupan (protected forest) and leuweung larangan (sacred forest), operates not merely as a resource management tool but as a spatial curriculum. Knowledge is transmitted through experiential learning mediated by the spatial logic of the zones, where each zone dictates distinct pedagogical encounters encoding values of restraint, reciprocity, and ecological guardianship. This mechanism, termed spatial pedagogy, differs from transmission patterns in comparable Indigenous communities by embedding normative ecological lessons within the physical act of navigating the landscape, without reliance on formal instruction. This article contributes to cultural ecology by challenging static views of environmental governance and demonstrating how spatial structures function as dynamic socio-cultural learning infrastructures. It extends scholarship on Indigenous ecological knowledge by specifying spatial pedagogy as a mechanism through which governance systems inherently reproduce the ecological ethics they are designed to enforce.
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References
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Berkes, F. (2018a). Sacred Ecology (4th ed.). Routledge.
Berkes, F. (2018b). Sacred Ecology (4th ed.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice.
Brondízio, E. S., Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Bates, P., Carino, J., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Ferrari, M. F., Galvin, K., Reyes-García, V., McElwee, P., Molnár, Z., Samakov, A., & Shrestha, U. B. (2021). Locally Based, Regionally Manifested, and Globally Relevant: Indigenous and Local Knowledge, Values, and Practices for Nature. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 46, 481–509. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-012127
Cajete, G. (1994). Look to the mountain: An ecology of indigenous education.
Carroll, D., Houndolo, M. M., George, A. B., & Redvers, N. (2025). Knowledge Connects Our Hearts and Lands: A Qualitative Research Study on Stewarding Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledges for Community Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(10), 1573.
Correia, J. E., Piaguage Lucitante, J., Weiss, L., Narváez, N., Lucitante, L., Biaguaje, A., Piaguaje, Y., Suale, A., Payaguaje, A., Piaguage, E., Simmons, C., & Esbach, M. (2025). Stimulating reciprocity: How human–plant relations support Indigenous cultural revitalization and stewardship in the Ecuadorian Amazon. People and Nature, 7, 1151–1170. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.70019
Dandirwalu, R., & Qodim, H. (2021). Baileo as a peace model for christian and muslim communities in maluku. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 77(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i3.6529
Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods (2nd ed.
Dockery, A. M. (2020). Inter-generational transmission of Indigenous culture and children’s wellbeing: Evidence from Australia.
Durkheim, E. (1995). The elementary forms of religious life (K.
Effendi, M. R., Setiadi, E., & Nandang, H. M. Z. (2018). Religiusitas Masyarakat Adat Kampung Dukuh Kabupaten Garut Jawa Barat. Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication, 3(1), 125–146. https://doi.org/10.18326/inject.v3i1.125-146
Fa L, J. E. & L. (2025). Weaving the Middle Spaces Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecology.
Fa, J. E., & Luiselli, L. (2025). Weaving the Middle Spaces Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecology. African Journal of Ecology, 63, e70030. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.70030
Fisher, M. R., Moeliono, M., & Mulyana, A. (2018). Assessing the effectiveness of community-based forest management in Indonesia: A systematic review. Forest Policy and Economics, 96, 1–12.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research.
Garnett, S. T., Burgess, N. D., Fa, J. E., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Molnár, Z., Robinson, C. J., Watson, J. E. M., Zander, K. K., Austin, B., Brondízio, E. S., Collier, N. F., Duncan, T., Ellis, E., Geyle, H., Jackson, M. V, Jonas, H., Malmer, P., McGowan, B., Sivongxay, A., & Leiper, I. (2018). A spatial overview of the global importance of Indigenous lands for conservation. Nature Sustainability, 1(7), 369–374. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0100-6
Geertz, C. (1960). The religion of Java.
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures.
Gruenewald, D. A. (2003). The best of both worlds: A critical pedagogy of place.
Guest, G., Namey, E., & Chen, M. (2020). A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research. PLOS ONE, 15(5), e0232076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232076
Hayati, F., Mansyur, A. S., & Aulia, E. S. N. (2019). Character education model based on local wisdom: An ethnographic study in Kampung Dukuh, Ciroyom, Garut Regency, West Java. Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Education Symposium (AES 2018), 433–438. https://doi.org/10.2991/aes-18.2019.99
Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523
Hidayana, I. S., & Lahpan, N. Y. K. (2022). Makna budaya pohon aren dalam pendekatan ekologi budaya di Kampung Adat Dukuh, Cikelet, Garut. Panggung, 32(4), 436–451.
Hidayat, S., Hikmat, A., & Zuhud, E. A. M. (2016). Kajian etnobotani masyarakat Kampung Adat Dukuh Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat. Media Konservasi, 15(3). https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/231324/kajian-etnobotani-masyarakat-kampung-adat-dukuh-kabupaten-garut-jawa-barat
Hilman, I., & Hendriawan, N. (2018). Local wisdom of Indigenous community of Kampung Dukuh as culture preservation in Ciroyom Village, Cikelet district, Garut Regency, West Java Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 145, 12028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/145/1/012028
Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the wild.
Ibau Lod, C. M. (2025). Dayak Kenyah Local Wisdom: Sustainable Spatial Planning, Biodiversity Conservation, and Ecological Harmony. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Filsafat 2025.
Indonesia, K. K. R. (2024). Rekapitulasi penetapan hutan adat per Desember 2024.
Indonesia, K. L. H. dan K. R. (2021). Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 9 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Perhutanan Sosial.
Ingold, T. (2000). The perception of the environment: Essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill.
Institute, W. R. (2024). Data on Indigenous Peoples and local communities’ lands and biodiversity.
Kahn, R. (2010). Critical pedagogy, ecoliteracy, and planetary crisis: The ecopedagogy movement.
Karima, E. M., Wulandari, F. T., Firza, F., & Abianza, E. (2024). Transversal competencies in augmented reality-based history learning. 10(2), 299–308.
Koentjaraningrat. (1985). Javanese culture.
Lahpan, N. Y. K., Putra, B. D., Hidayana, I. S., & Budiman, A. (2025). Digital pilgrimage: The role of online platforms in preserving and promoting Kampung Dukuh’s religious heritage. Mudra Jurnal Seni Budaya, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.31091/mudra.v40i2.3155
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press.
Lima Mota, M. R., Lauer-Leite, I. D., & Novais, J. S. de. (2023). Intergenerational transmission of traditional ecological knowledge about medicinal plants in a riverine community of the Brazilian Amazon. Polibotánica, 56, 311–329. https://doi.org/10.18387/polibotanica.56.16
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications.
McGregor, D., Whitaker, S., & Sritharan, M. (2020). Indigenous environmental justice and sustainability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 43, 35–40.
Morse, J. M. (2015). Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry.
Mulyani, A., & Siscawati, M. (2022). Customary forest recognition in Indonesia: Progress, challenges, and implications for Indigenous communities. Forest and Society, 6(2), 456–473.
Nelson & Reed, G, M. K. (2025). Indigenous critiques and recommendations for reclaiming nature-based solutions.
Ong, W. J. (1982). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word.
Permana, R. C. E. (2016). Kearifan lokal masyarakat adat Baduy dalam konservasi lingkungan hidup.
Quinlan, M. B., & Quinlan, R. J. (2007). Modernization and medicinal plant knowledge in a Caribbean horticultural village. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 21(2), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.2007.21.2.169
Rachmaningsih, I. (2013). The cultural reconstruction of taboo under Mama Uluk’s leadership in Kampong Dukuh, a Sundanese traditional hamlet in Garut Regency West Java Indonesia (Unpublished manuscript).
Rahardjanto, A., Husamah, Hudha, A. M., & Permana, T. I. (2025). Ecocultural practices in East Java, Indonesia: A hermeneutic phenomenological study on “Reresik Kali” as local wisdom for river conservation. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 102176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102176
Rappaport, R. A. (1968). Pigs for the ancestors: Ritual in the ecology of a New Guinea people.
Reyes-García, V., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., García-del-Amo, D., & Cabeza, M. (2023). The geography of Indigenous and local knowledge: A systematic review. Global Environmental Change, 78, 102632.
Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development.
Rohaeni, A. J., & Emilda, N. (2021). Wisata religi berbasis kearifan lokal dan pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat adat Kampung Dukuh. Panggung, 31(3). https://doi.org/10.26742/panggung.v31i3.1716
Schlosberg, D. (2007). Defining environmental justice: Theories, movements, and nature.
Schuster, R., Germain, R. R., Bennett, J. R., Reo, N. J., & Arcese, P. (2019). Vertebrate biodiversity on indigenous-managed lands in Australia, Brazil, and Canada equals that in protected areas. Environmental Science & Policy, 101, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.002
Sidiq, M. A. (2022). Masyarakat Kampung Adat Dukuh dalam mempertahankan kearifan lokal di era modernisasi (Studi deskriptif pada masyarakat Kampung Adat Dukuh di Cikelet Kabupaten Garut.
Sinthumule, N. I. (2023). Traditional ecological knowledge and its role in biodiversity conservation: a systematic review.
Siscawati, M., Banjade, M. R., Liswanti, N., Herawati, T., Mwangi, E., & Mulyana, A. (2017). Forest tenure reform in Indonesia: When formal and customary rights clash. CIFOR.
Sobel, D. (2004). Place-based education: Connecting classrooms and communities.
Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research.
Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative Case Studies.
Stake, R. E. (2006). Multiple case study analysis.
Steward, J. H. (1955). Theory of culture change: The methodology of multilinear evolution.
Toledo & Barrera-Bassols, N, V. M. (2017). The Biocultural Landscape.
Tuerah, M. S. R., & Tuerah, J. M. (2023). Kurikulum Merdeka dalam Perspektif Kajian Teori: Analisis Kebijakan. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, Oktober, 9(19), 982. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10047903
Vansina, J. (1985). Oral tradition as history.
Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (G.
Wessing, R., & Barendregt, B. (2021). The Baduy: A traditional community in the face of modernity. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde, 177(2–3), 299–327.
Whyte, K. (2018). Indigenous science (fiction) for the Anthropocene: Ancestral dystopias and fantasies of climate change crises.
Widianingsih, I., Sumaryana, A., & Hidayat, R. (2020). Kasepuhan adat governance: Between tradition and state recognition. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 15(2), 145–168.
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