Making Land Leaseable: Woeste Gronden and the Genealogy of Colonial Agrarian Governance in Priangan (1830–1870)
Keywords:
Agrarian History, Dutch East Indies, Gouvernmentality, Priangan, Woeste Gronden
Abstract
Studies of colonial agrarian history often place the Agrarische Wet 1870 as the starting point for land liberalization in the Dutch East Indies. This article argues that key infrastructures for privatized access to land were assembled earlier through the leasing of woeste gronden (uncultivated ‘waste’ lands), with focus on Priangan. Using critical historical methods, the study operationalizes Foucault’s analytics by reading colonial archives as instruments of knowledge production: Koloniaal Verslag tables and Staatsblad regulations are analyzed as techniques of calculation and legibility (governmentality), while the language and evidentiary rules that defined which land could be leased are examines as a ‘regime of truth’. Sources include Koloniaal Verslag reports and statistical appendices (mid-1850s-1880), Staatsblad 1856 No. 64 and related reglations, lease contracts and dispute correspondence, and the 1857 Priangan residency map. The study finds: (1) a marked growth of leased parcels and rental revenues before 1870, indicating the conversion of land into fiscal assets; (2) woeste gronden was operationalized through exclusions of cultivated and desa lands, allowing customary tenure to be treated as administratively ‘unproven’; (3) implementation relied on hybrid state-capital-local-elite arrangements to secure labour and boundaries; and (4) maps and contracts stabilized claims through survey, boundary-making, and documentary inscription. The article reframes 1870 as a legal consolidation of earlier classificatory and leasing practices, and cautions that ‘empy land’ labels can enable agrarian dispossession when documentary legibility overrides lived tenure relations
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ahmadin. (2007). Masalah Agraria di Indonesia Masa Kolonial. Attoriolong: Jurnal Pemikiran Pendidikan Dan Penelitian Kesejarahan, 4(1), 55–70.
Alatas, S. H. (1989). Mitos Pribumi Malas: Imej Orang Jawa, Melayu, dan Filipina dalam Kapitalisme Penjajah (A. Rofie & Z. Kassim, Trans.). Percetakan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Altair, G. R., Saputra, A., & Irfan, M. (2024). Analysis of Land Potential Index of Village Cash Land and Oro-Oro Land in Boyolali Regency. E3S Web of Conferences, 500, 03039. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450003039
Alting, H. (2011). Penguasaan Tanah Masyarakat Hukum Adat (Suatu Kajian Terhadap Masyarakat Hukum Adat Ternate). Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2011.11.1.75
Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso.
Andrew, T. (2025). Codifying Capital: Legal Power, Racial Hierarchy, and the Gendered Dynamics of Law [Bachelor of Science in Political Science and University Honors, Portland State University]. https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.1680
Anon. (1855). Reglement Op Het Beleid Der Regering Van Nederlandsch-indie. In Staatsblad no.2.
Anon. (1858, August 26). De Leening der Nederlandsche Handelmaatshappij. De Oostpost: Leterkundig, Watenschapelijk, en Comercieel Nieuws- en Advertentieblad, 68.
Anon. (1860, July 18). De Redevoering van den Heer Duymaer van Twist over de motie van den Heer Wintgens. Bataviaasch Handelsblad, 57.
Anon. (1869). Iets over de Aanspraken der Bevolking van Java op de Onontgonnen Gronden. In Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië. te Zalt-Bommel, bij Joh. Noman en Zoon.
Anon. (1881). Studien over het Javaansch Gronbezit. In Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië (Eerste Deel). Boekdrukkerij van L. van Nifterik Hz.
Anon. (1896). Resumes van het Onderzoek naar de Regten Welke in de Gouvernements-landen op Sumatra op de Onbebouwde Gronden Worden Uitgeofend (2nd Druk). Landsdrukkerij.
Aprilia, A. T., Irawan, H., & Budi, Y. (2021). Meninjau Praktik Kebijakan Tanam Paksa di Hindia Belanda 1830-1870. Estoria: Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 1(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.30998/je.v1i1.465
Arfaton, A., Miftahuddin, M., Yuliantri, R. D. A., Gunartati, G., & Kumalasari, D. (2025). Social Bandits as Peasants’ Protest in Java during the Dutch East Indies Government (1885–1930). Analisis Sejarah: Mencari Jalan Sejarah, 15(2), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.25077/jas.v15i2.147
Aton, H., Dansereau, F., & Nugent, K. (2024). Archival Description, Land, Settler Colonialism, and World-Building in the Collection des archives du Collège Sainte-Marie. The Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science, 47(3), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.5206/cjils-rcsib.v47i3.17725
Benda, B., & Keebet, V. (2011). Myths and stereotypes about adat law: A reassessment of Van Vollenhoven in the light of current struggles over adat law in Indonesia. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 167(2–3), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003588
Bhambra, G. K. (2021). Colonial Global Economy: Towards a Theoretical Reorientation of Political Economy. Review of International Political Economy, 28(2), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1830831
Boemi, A. E. (1925). Het Grondrechten in de Bataklanden (Tapiannaoeli, Simeloengoen en het Karoland). Boek- en Steendrukkerij Eduard Ijdo.
Breman, J. (1986). Penguasaan Tanah dan Tenaga Kerja: Jawa masa Kolonial. LP3ES.
Breman, J. (2010). Menjinakkan Sang Kuli: Politik Kolonial, Tukang Kebun, dan Kuli di Sumatera Timur Pada Awal Abad ke 20. PT Pustaka Utama Grafiti dan Perwakilan Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.
Breman, J. (2014). Keuntungan Kolonial dari Kerja Paksa: Sistem Priangan dari Tanam Paksa Kopi di Jawa, 1720-1870 (S. Moeiman & N. Santoso, Eds.; J. Soegiarto, C. Suprihatin, & I. Ismail, Trans.; 1st ed.). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Domínguez, L., & Luoma, C. (2020). Decolonising Conservation Policy: How Colonial Land and Conservation Ideologies Persist and Perpetuate Indigenous Injustices at the Expense of the Environment. Land, 9(3), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030065
Erlenbusch-Anderson, V. (2020). The Beginning of a Study of Biopower: Foucault’s 1978 Lectures at the Collège de France. Foucault Studies Lectures, 5–26. https://doi.org/10.22439/fsl.vi0.6151
F. de Haan. (1912). Priangan De Preanger-Regentschappen onder het Nederlandsch Bestuur tot 1811 (Derde Deel). G. Kolff & Co.
Fahmi, C. (2020). The Dutch Colonial Economic’s Policy on Natives Land Property of Indonesia. PETITA: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Syariah, 5(2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.22373/petita.v5i2.99
Fairuzahira, S., Rukmi, W. I., & Sari, K. E. (2020). Elemen Pembentuk Permukiman Tradisional Kampung Naga. Tata Kota Dan Daerah, 12(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.takoda.2020.012.01.3
Filatova-Bilous, N. (2025). Intellectual property, artificial intelligence and contract law: Are there any intersections and fruitful collaborations between these areas? Visegrad Journal on Human Rights, (6), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.61345/1339-7915.2024.6.5
Foucault, M. (1978, February). Governmentality [Lecture]. Colège de France.
Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Second Vintage Books Edition.
Foucault, M., & Gordon, C. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977 (1st American ed). Pantheon Books.
Gray, C. (2023). More than Extraction: Rethinking Data’s Colonial Political Economy. International Political Sociology, 17(2), olad007. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olad007
Hall, D., Hirsch, P., & Li, T. M. (2020). Pendahuluan, in Kuasa Eksklusi: Dilema Pertanahan di Asia Tenggara. Insist Press. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/103861
Hall, D., Hirsch, P., & Murray Li, T. (2011). Powers of Exclusion: Land Dilemmas in Southeast Asia (2nd ed.). University of HAwai’i Press.
Haller, T. (2019). The Different Meanings of Land in the Age of Neoliberalism: Theoretical Reflections on Commons and Resilience Grabbing from a Social Anthropological Perspective. Land, 8(7), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8070104
Handayani, S. A. (2018). Geliat Ekonomi Masyarakat Priangan Era Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda 1900—1942. Lembaran Sejarah, 13(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.33544
Heller, M. (2023). Rethinking Historical Methods in Organization Studies: Organizational Source Criticism. Organization Studies, 44(6), 987–1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231156978
Hermansoemantri, E. (1979). Sejarah Sukapura Sebuah Telaah Filologis [Disertasi]. Universitas Indonesia.
Hirsch, P., & Hall, D. (2001). The Politics of Land Reform in Southeast Asia. Routledge.
Hughes, C. (2025). The Coloniality of Data: Police Databases and the Rationalization of Surveillance from Colonial Vietnam to the Modern Carceral State. The British Journal of Sociology, 1468-4446.70037. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.70037
Ince, O. U. (2024). Saving Capitalism from Empire: Uses of Colonial History in New Institutional Economics. International Relations, 38(4), 589–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178221104699
Issar, S. (2015). Codes of Contention: Building Regulations in Colonial Bombay, 1870‐1912. Journal of Historical Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12113
Issar, S. (2017). Codes of Contention: Building Regulations in Colonial Bombay, 1870‐1912. Journal of Historical Sociology, 30(2), 164–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12113
Juwono, H. (2023). Hak Milik Atas Tanah: Memahami Sistem Agraria di Era Hindia Belanda. Selaklali.
Karima, E. M., Firza, F., & Abianza, E. (2023). Pendidikan karakter melalui kisah tokoh sejarah lokal dalam kurikulum merdeka. Jazirah: Jurnal Peradaban dan Kebudayaan, 4(1), 53–62.
Kartadinata. (1921). Risalah Priangan. Bale Poestaka.
Kristiyanto, E. N. (2018). Implementasi Kearifan Lokal Sunda Dalam Penataan Ruang Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 Tentang Penataan Ruang: Studi Di Bandung Jawa Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 18(2), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2018.V18.205-218
Kuntowijoyo. (2003). Metodologi Sejarah (Kedua). Tiara Wacana.
Labibah, I. F., Hasanah, I. Z., & Yalhan, M. A. (2024). Peran Masyarakat Adat dalam Pemanfaatan dan Perlindungan Hukum Tanah Ulayat Sumatera Barat. Journal Customary Law, 1(2), 15–15. https://doi.org/10.47134/jcl.v1i2.2422
Logemann, J. H. A., & Haar, T. (1928). Het Beschikkingsrecht der Indonesische Rechtgemeenschappen. In Indische Tijdschrift van het Recht (Vol. 128). Landsdrukkerij.
Lubis, N. H. (1998). Kehidupan Kaum Ménak Priangan 1800-1942. Pusat Informasi Kebudayaan Sunda.
Lucas, A. (1992). Land Disputes in Indonesia: Some Current Perspectives. Indonesia, (53), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/3351117
Martin, G. P., & Waring, J. (2018). Realising governmentality: Pastoral power, governmental discourse and the (re)constitution of subjectivities. The Sociological Review, 66(6), 1292–1308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118755616
Martin, G., & Waring, J. (2018). Realising Governmentality: Pastoral Power, Governmental Discourse and the (Re)constitution of Subjectivities. The Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118755616
Masyrullahushomad, M., & Sudrajat, S. (2020). Penerapan Agrarische Wet (Undang-Undang Agraia) 1870: Periode Awal Swastanisasi Perkebunan Di Pulau Jawa. HISTORIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, 7(2), 159. https://doi.org/10.24127/hj.v7i2.2045
Mik, E. (2017). Smart contracts: Terminology, technical limitations and real world complexity. Law, Innovation and Technology, 9(2), 369–300.
Minoia, P. (2020). Corporate land grabs: Colonial continuity and space of exception in Kenya. Land Use Policy, 99, 104964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104964
Monaghan, J. (2011). Frontier Justice: Colonial Governmentalities and the 19th Century “Law and Order” in the North-West [Tesis]. Carleton University.
Murray Li, T. (2014). Land’s End: Capitalist Relations on an Indigenous Frontier. Duke University Press.
Murray Li, T. (2017). The Price of Un/Freedom: Indonesia’s Colonial and Contemporary Plantation Labor Regimes. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 59(2), 245–276. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417517000044
Nuralia, L., Sulistiyono, S. T., Imadudin, I., Budiman, H. G., & Marzuki, I. W. (2025). Domination, Subordination, and the Role of Cultural Brokers in the Context of Dutch Colonial Power in Indonesia: The Case of Cisaga Plantation Industrial Landscape in West Java. Culture & History Digital Journal, 14(1), 358. https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2025.358
Otemperi, I., Styliadis, G., & Drosos, V. K. (2025). The Creation of a Standard Forest Map According to Modern Technoeconomic Specifications, Social Requirements, and Legislative Regulations. Operations Research Forum, 6(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-025-00479-0
Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich forests, poor people: Resource control and resistance in Java (1. paperback print). University of California Press.
Peluso, N. L. (1995). Whose Woods Are These? Counter‐Mapping Forest Territories In Kalimantan, Indonesia. Antipode, 27(4), 383–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1995.tb00286.x
Pinheiro, L. G. (2021). Colonial capitalism and the dilemmas of liberalism: Oxford University Press, Onur Ulas Ince Oxford, 2018, x+232pp., ISBN: 9780190637293. Contemporary Political Theory, 20(S3), 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-020-00412-6
Poorghorban, Y. (2023). On Michel Foucault: Power/Knowledge, Discourse, and Subjectivity. OKARA: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 17(2), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.9749
Putra, E. S., Djatmiko, M. D., & Waskito, M. A. (2018). Komparasi Patikrama Tatanen Huma Sunda di Padukuhan dan Pedesaan di Jawa Barat. Patanjala : Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya, 10(3), 487–506. https://doi.org/10.30959/patanjala.v10i3.440
Putri, N. A., Sarmilah, S., Velda, J., & Zschock, W. M. (2024). Bridging the Gap by Exploring Inequalities in Access to Land and Disparities in Agrarian Law in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kenotariatan, 5(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.19184/jik.v5i1.47416
Rafly, M., & Halim, A. (2023). Perlindungan Hukum Masyarakat Adat terhadap Asas Domain Verklaring dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Tentang Bank Tanah. JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW, 6(3), 1136–1149. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v6i3.7351
Rahman, P. (2025). Silenced Histories: Subaltern Resistance in Colonial and Postcolonial India. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), 7(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5054029
Rigg, J. (1862). Humah. In A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java. Lange & Co.
Rouricius, B. R. G. (1874). Over de Uitgifte van Woeste Gronden. ERNST & Co.
Salam, S., Supardjo, S., & Nurlinda, I. (2024). The Evolution of Property Rights in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 9(1), 217–248. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.vol9i1.3538
Scott, J. C. (1972). Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia. American Political Science Review, 66(1), 91–113. https://doi.org/10.2307/1959280
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak. Yale University Press.
Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve The Human Condition Have Failed. Yale University Press.
Siregar, I. F. (2023). The Controversy of the Cultivation System In Indonesia. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v33i1.38127
Smith, H. E., Ryan, C. M., Vollmer, F., Woollen, E., Keane, A., Fisher, J. A., Baumert, S., Grundy, I. M., Carvalho, M., Lisboa, S. N., Luz, A. C., Zorrilla-Miras, P., Patenaude, G., Ribeiro, N., Artur, L., & Mahamane, M. (2019). Impacts of land use intensification on human wellbeing: Evidence from rural Mozambique. Global Environmental Change, 59, 101976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101976
Staatsblad No. 64. (1854). [Vaststelling der regels, volgens welke de Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie gronden voor den landbouw in huur kan uitgeven]. De Algemeene Sekretaris.
Staten-general: Eerste Kamer. (1867, May 2). Bijvoegstel van de Middelburgsche Courant. Middlelburgsche Courant.
Stoler, A. L. (2009). Along the archival grain: Epistemic anxieties and colonial common sense. Princeton Univ. Press.
Stützer, J. A. (1787). Journal von die Reise nach Cheribon und den da umliegenden Gegenden Sich mein Diarium 20 Juni 1786-Januar 1787 [Koleksi Manuskrip Barat]. KITLV (Kononklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde).
Suijker, C. A. (2023). Foucault and medicine: Challenging normative claims. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 26(4), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-023-10170-y
Sutherland, H. (1979). The Making of a Bureaucratic Elite: The Colonial Transformation of the Javanese Priyayi. Heinemann Educational Book.
Syahputra, M. A., & Israhadi, E. I. (2025). Dynamics of Legal Certainty in Forest Area Management Between Economic Utilization and Environmental Sustainability. Majelis: Jurnal Hukum Indonesia, 2(3), 126–137. https://doi.org/10.62383/majelis.v2i3.1043
Syarifudin, M. B., Sapto, A., & Hudiyanto, R. (2023). Kehidupan Buruh Perkebunan Kopi di Dampit Tahun 1870-1930. Historiography, 3(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.17977/um081v3i22023p174-185
Tripathi, S. M., & Dwivedi, V. K. (2023). a Million Mutinies in the Wilderness: Reading Subaltern Insubordination of Colonial Authority in Perspective. ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, 4(2), 1772–1778. https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v4.i2.2023.2925
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1852). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1852 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1854). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1854 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1856). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1856 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1863). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1863 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1864). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1864 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1880). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1880 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Van Bavel, B. J. P. (2008). The organization and rise of land and lease markets in northwestern Europe and Italy, c. 1000–1800. Continuity and Change, 23(1), 13–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416008006668
van der Linden, M. L. M. (1970). De Grondverhuring door Inlanders aan niet-inlanders op Java en Madoera: Vastgesteld bij de Ordonnantie van 27 Augustus 1900. In Staatsblad no. 240. Masereeuw en Bouten.
van der Moore, C. (1865). Algemeen Verslag Preanger Regentschappen. Inventaris Arsip Preanger Regentschappen, ANRI (6/1).
Vinthagen, S. (2017). Clover, Joshua (2016) Riot. Strike. Riot: The New Era of Uprisings. Journal of Resistance Studies, 3(1), 221–224. https://doi.org/10.63961/2025.086
Vollenhoven, V. (1918). Van Vollenhoven on Indonesian Adat Law (J. F. Holleman, R. Kalis, & K. Maddock, Trans.; Selections from Het Adatrecht van Nederlandsch-Indië (Volume I, 1918; Volume II, 1913)). Springer Science + Business Media.
Wahid, A. (2018). Dualisme Pajak di Jawa: Administrasi Pajak Tanah di Wilayah Vorstenlanden pada Masa Kolonial, 1915–1942. Lembaran Sejarah, 13(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.33510
Wright, T. J. (2023). ‘Constituencies of Control’ – Collective Punishments in Kenya’s Mau Mau Emergency, 1952–55. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 51(2), 323–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2022.2093475
Zulyanti, M., Zuriatin, Z., Syahbuddin, S., & Hidayat, G. (2025). Dampak Kebijakan Agraria Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Petani di Pulau Jawa, 1870-1940. Fajar Historia: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah dan Pendidikan, 9(2), 336–349. https://doi.org/10.29408/fhs.v9i2.31774
Alatas, S. H. (1989). Mitos Pribumi Malas: Imej Orang Jawa, Melayu, dan Filipina dalam Kapitalisme Penjajah (A. Rofie & Z. Kassim, Trans.). Percetakan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Altair, G. R., Saputra, A., & Irfan, M. (2024). Analysis of Land Potential Index of Village Cash Land and Oro-Oro Land in Boyolali Regency. E3S Web of Conferences, 500, 03039. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450003039
Alting, H. (2011). Penguasaan Tanah Masyarakat Hukum Adat (Suatu Kajian Terhadap Masyarakat Hukum Adat Ternate). Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2011.11.1.75
Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso.
Andrew, T. (2025). Codifying Capital: Legal Power, Racial Hierarchy, and the Gendered Dynamics of Law [Bachelor of Science in Political Science and University Honors, Portland State University]. https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.1680
Anon. (1855). Reglement Op Het Beleid Der Regering Van Nederlandsch-indie. In Staatsblad no.2.
Anon. (1858, August 26). De Leening der Nederlandsche Handelmaatshappij. De Oostpost: Leterkundig, Watenschapelijk, en Comercieel Nieuws- en Advertentieblad, 68.
Anon. (1860, July 18). De Redevoering van den Heer Duymaer van Twist over de motie van den Heer Wintgens. Bataviaasch Handelsblad, 57.
Anon. (1869). Iets over de Aanspraken der Bevolking van Java op de Onontgonnen Gronden. In Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië. te Zalt-Bommel, bij Joh. Noman en Zoon.
Anon. (1881). Studien over het Javaansch Gronbezit. In Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië (Eerste Deel). Boekdrukkerij van L. van Nifterik Hz.
Anon. (1896). Resumes van het Onderzoek naar de Regten Welke in de Gouvernements-landen op Sumatra op de Onbebouwde Gronden Worden Uitgeofend (2nd Druk). Landsdrukkerij.
Aprilia, A. T., Irawan, H., & Budi, Y. (2021). Meninjau Praktik Kebijakan Tanam Paksa di Hindia Belanda 1830-1870. Estoria: Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 1(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.30998/je.v1i1.465
Arfaton, A., Miftahuddin, M., Yuliantri, R. D. A., Gunartati, G., & Kumalasari, D. (2025). Social Bandits as Peasants’ Protest in Java during the Dutch East Indies Government (1885–1930). Analisis Sejarah: Mencari Jalan Sejarah, 15(2), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.25077/jas.v15i2.147
Aton, H., Dansereau, F., & Nugent, K. (2024). Archival Description, Land, Settler Colonialism, and World-Building in the Collection des archives du Collège Sainte-Marie. The Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science, 47(3), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.5206/cjils-rcsib.v47i3.17725
Benda, B., & Keebet, V. (2011). Myths and stereotypes about adat law: A reassessment of Van Vollenhoven in the light of current struggles over adat law in Indonesia. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 167(2–3), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003588
Bhambra, G. K. (2021). Colonial Global Economy: Towards a Theoretical Reorientation of Political Economy. Review of International Political Economy, 28(2), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1830831
Boemi, A. E. (1925). Het Grondrechten in de Bataklanden (Tapiannaoeli, Simeloengoen en het Karoland). Boek- en Steendrukkerij Eduard Ijdo.
Breman, J. (1986). Penguasaan Tanah dan Tenaga Kerja: Jawa masa Kolonial. LP3ES.
Breman, J. (2010). Menjinakkan Sang Kuli: Politik Kolonial, Tukang Kebun, dan Kuli di Sumatera Timur Pada Awal Abad ke 20. PT Pustaka Utama Grafiti dan Perwakilan Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.
Breman, J. (2014). Keuntungan Kolonial dari Kerja Paksa: Sistem Priangan dari Tanam Paksa Kopi di Jawa, 1720-1870 (S. Moeiman & N. Santoso, Eds.; J. Soegiarto, C. Suprihatin, & I. Ismail, Trans.; 1st ed.). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Domínguez, L., & Luoma, C. (2020). Decolonising Conservation Policy: How Colonial Land and Conservation Ideologies Persist and Perpetuate Indigenous Injustices at the Expense of the Environment. Land, 9(3), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030065
Erlenbusch-Anderson, V. (2020). The Beginning of a Study of Biopower: Foucault’s 1978 Lectures at the Collège de France. Foucault Studies Lectures, 5–26. https://doi.org/10.22439/fsl.vi0.6151
F. de Haan. (1912). Priangan De Preanger-Regentschappen onder het Nederlandsch Bestuur tot 1811 (Derde Deel). G. Kolff & Co.
Fahmi, C. (2020). The Dutch Colonial Economic’s Policy on Natives Land Property of Indonesia. PETITA: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Syariah, 5(2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.22373/petita.v5i2.99
Fairuzahira, S., Rukmi, W. I., & Sari, K. E. (2020). Elemen Pembentuk Permukiman Tradisional Kampung Naga. Tata Kota Dan Daerah, 12(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.takoda.2020.012.01.3
Filatova-Bilous, N. (2025). Intellectual property, artificial intelligence and contract law: Are there any intersections and fruitful collaborations between these areas? Visegrad Journal on Human Rights, (6), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.61345/1339-7915.2024.6.5
Foucault, M. (1978, February). Governmentality [Lecture]. Colège de France.
Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Second Vintage Books Edition.
Foucault, M., & Gordon, C. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977 (1st American ed). Pantheon Books.
Gray, C. (2023). More than Extraction: Rethinking Data’s Colonial Political Economy. International Political Sociology, 17(2), olad007. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olad007
Hall, D., Hirsch, P., & Li, T. M. (2020). Pendahuluan, in Kuasa Eksklusi: Dilema Pertanahan di Asia Tenggara. Insist Press. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/103861
Hall, D., Hirsch, P., & Murray Li, T. (2011). Powers of Exclusion: Land Dilemmas in Southeast Asia (2nd ed.). University of HAwai’i Press.
Haller, T. (2019). The Different Meanings of Land in the Age of Neoliberalism: Theoretical Reflections on Commons and Resilience Grabbing from a Social Anthropological Perspective. Land, 8(7), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8070104
Handayani, S. A. (2018). Geliat Ekonomi Masyarakat Priangan Era Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda 1900—1942. Lembaran Sejarah, 13(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.33544
Heller, M. (2023). Rethinking Historical Methods in Organization Studies: Organizational Source Criticism. Organization Studies, 44(6), 987–1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231156978
Hermansoemantri, E. (1979). Sejarah Sukapura Sebuah Telaah Filologis [Disertasi]. Universitas Indonesia.
Hirsch, P., & Hall, D. (2001). The Politics of Land Reform in Southeast Asia. Routledge.
Hughes, C. (2025). The Coloniality of Data: Police Databases and the Rationalization of Surveillance from Colonial Vietnam to the Modern Carceral State. The British Journal of Sociology, 1468-4446.70037. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.70037
Ince, O. U. (2024). Saving Capitalism from Empire: Uses of Colonial History in New Institutional Economics. International Relations, 38(4), 589–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178221104699
Issar, S. (2015). Codes of Contention: Building Regulations in Colonial Bombay, 1870‐1912. Journal of Historical Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12113
Issar, S. (2017). Codes of Contention: Building Regulations in Colonial Bombay, 1870‐1912. Journal of Historical Sociology, 30(2), 164–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12113
Juwono, H. (2023). Hak Milik Atas Tanah: Memahami Sistem Agraria di Era Hindia Belanda. Selaklali.
Karima, E. M., Firza, F., & Abianza, E. (2023). Pendidikan karakter melalui kisah tokoh sejarah lokal dalam kurikulum merdeka. Jazirah: Jurnal Peradaban dan Kebudayaan, 4(1), 53–62.
Kartadinata. (1921). Risalah Priangan. Bale Poestaka.
Kristiyanto, E. N. (2018). Implementasi Kearifan Lokal Sunda Dalam Penataan Ruang Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 Tentang Penataan Ruang: Studi Di Bandung Jawa Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 18(2), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2018.V18.205-218
Kuntowijoyo. (2003). Metodologi Sejarah (Kedua). Tiara Wacana.
Labibah, I. F., Hasanah, I. Z., & Yalhan, M. A. (2024). Peran Masyarakat Adat dalam Pemanfaatan dan Perlindungan Hukum Tanah Ulayat Sumatera Barat. Journal Customary Law, 1(2), 15–15. https://doi.org/10.47134/jcl.v1i2.2422
Logemann, J. H. A., & Haar, T. (1928). Het Beschikkingsrecht der Indonesische Rechtgemeenschappen. In Indische Tijdschrift van het Recht (Vol. 128). Landsdrukkerij.
Lubis, N. H. (1998). Kehidupan Kaum Ménak Priangan 1800-1942. Pusat Informasi Kebudayaan Sunda.
Lucas, A. (1992). Land Disputes in Indonesia: Some Current Perspectives. Indonesia, (53), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/3351117
Martin, G. P., & Waring, J. (2018). Realising governmentality: Pastoral power, governmental discourse and the (re)constitution of subjectivities. The Sociological Review, 66(6), 1292–1308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118755616
Martin, G., & Waring, J. (2018). Realising Governmentality: Pastoral Power, Governmental Discourse and the (Re)constitution of Subjectivities. The Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118755616
Masyrullahushomad, M., & Sudrajat, S. (2020). Penerapan Agrarische Wet (Undang-Undang Agraia) 1870: Periode Awal Swastanisasi Perkebunan Di Pulau Jawa. HISTORIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, 7(2), 159. https://doi.org/10.24127/hj.v7i2.2045
Mik, E. (2017). Smart contracts: Terminology, technical limitations and real world complexity. Law, Innovation and Technology, 9(2), 369–300.
Minoia, P. (2020). Corporate land grabs: Colonial continuity and space of exception in Kenya. Land Use Policy, 99, 104964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104964
Monaghan, J. (2011). Frontier Justice: Colonial Governmentalities and the 19th Century “Law and Order” in the North-West [Tesis]. Carleton University.
Murray Li, T. (2014). Land’s End: Capitalist Relations on an Indigenous Frontier. Duke University Press.
Murray Li, T. (2017). The Price of Un/Freedom: Indonesia’s Colonial and Contemporary Plantation Labor Regimes. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 59(2), 245–276. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417517000044
Nuralia, L., Sulistiyono, S. T., Imadudin, I., Budiman, H. G., & Marzuki, I. W. (2025). Domination, Subordination, and the Role of Cultural Brokers in the Context of Dutch Colonial Power in Indonesia: The Case of Cisaga Plantation Industrial Landscape in West Java. Culture & History Digital Journal, 14(1), 358. https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2025.358
Otemperi, I., Styliadis, G., & Drosos, V. K. (2025). The Creation of a Standard Forest Map According to Modern Technoeconomic Specifications, Social Requirements, and Legislative Regulations. Operations Research Forum, 6(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-025-00479-0
Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich forests, poor people: Resource control and resistance in Java (1. paperback print). University of California Press.
Peluso, N. L. (1995). Whose Woods Are These? Counter‐Mapping Forest Territories In Kalimantan, Indonesia. Antipode, 27(4), 383–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1995.tb00286.x
Pinheiro, L. G. (2021). Colonial capitalism and the dilemmas of liberalism: Oxford University Press, Onur Ulas Ince Oxford, 2018, x+232pp., ISBN: 9780190637293. Contemporary Political Theory, 20(S3), 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-020-00412-6
Poorghorban, Y. (2023). On Michel Foucault: Power/Knowledge, Discourse, and Subjectivity. OKARA: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 17(2), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.9749
Putra, E. S., Djatmiko, M. D., & Waskito, M. A. (2018). Komparasi Patikrama Tatanen Huma Sunda di Padukuhan dan Pedesaan di Jawa Barat. Patanjala : Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya, 10(3), 487–506. https://doi.org/10.30959/patanjala.v10i3.440
Putri, N. A., Sarmilah, S., Velda, J., & Zschock, W. M. (2024). Bridging the Gap by Exploring Inequalities in Access to Land and Disparities in Agrarian Law in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kenotariatan, 5(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.19184/jik.v5i1.47416
Rafly, M., & Halim, A. (2023). Perlindungan Hukum Masyarakat Adat terhadap Asas Domain Verklaring dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Tentang Bank Tanah. JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW, 6(3), 1136–1149. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v6i3.7351
Rahman, P. (2025). Silenced Histories: Subaltern Resistance in Colonial and Postcolonial India. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), 7(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5054029
Rigg, J. (1862). Humah. In A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java. Lange & Co.
Rouricius, B. R. G. (1874). Over de Uitgifte van Woeste Gronden. ERNST & Co.
Salam, S., Supardjo, S., & Nurlinda, I. (2024). The Evolution of Property Rights in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 9(1), 217–248. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.vol9i1.3538
Scott, J. C. (1972). Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia. American Political Science Review, 66(1), 91–113. https://doi.org/10.2307/1959280
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak. Yale University Press.
Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve The Human Condition Have Failed. Yale University Press.
Siregar, I. F. (2023). The Controversy of the Cultivation System In Indonesia. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v33i1.38127
Smith, H. E., Ryan, C. M., Vollmer, F., Woollen, E., Keane, A., Fisher, J. A., Baumert, S., Grundy, I. M., Carvalho, M., Lisboa, S. N., Luz, A. C., Zorrilla-Miras, P., Patenaude, G., Ribeiro, N., Artur, L., & Mahamane, M. (2019). Impacts of land use intensification on human wellbeing: Evidence from rural Mozambique. Global Environmental Change, 59, 101976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101976
Staatsblad No. 64. (1854). [Vaststelling der regels, volgens welke de Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie gronden voor den landbouw in huur kan uitgeven]. De Algemeene Sekretaris.
Staten-general: Eerste Kamer. (1867, May 2). Bijvoegstel van de Middelburgsche Courant. Middlelburgsche Courant.
Stoler, A. L. (2009). Along the archival grain: Epistemic anxieties and colonial common sense. Princeton Univ. Press.
Stützer, J. A. (1787). Journal von die Reise nach Cheribon und den da umliegenden Gegenden Sich mein Diarium 20 Juni 1786-Januar 1787 [Koleksi Manuskrip Barat]. KITLV (Kononklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde).
Suijker, C. A. (2023). Foucault and medicine: Challenging normative claims. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 26(4), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-023-10170-y
Sutherland, H. (1979). The Making of a Bureaucratic Elite: The Colonial Transformation of the Javanese Priyayi. Heinemann Educational Book.
Syahputra, M. A., & Israhadi, E. I. (2025). Dynamics of Legal Certainty in Forest Area Management Between Economic Utilization and Environmental Sustainability. Majelis: Jurnal Hukum Indonesia, 2(3), 126–137. https://doi.org/10.62383/majelis.v2i3.1043
Syarifudin, M. B., Sapto, A., & Hudiyanto, R. (2023). Kehidupan Buruh Perkebunan Kopi di Dampit Tahun 1870-1930. Historiography, 3(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.17977/um081v3i22023p174-185
Tripathi, S. M., & Dwivedi, V. K. (2023). a Million Mutinies in the Wilderness: Reading Subaltern Insubordination of Colonial Authority in Perspective. ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, 4(2), 1772–1778. https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v4.i2.2023.2925
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1852). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1852 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1854). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1854 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1856). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1856 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1863). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1863 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1864). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1864 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Tweede Kamer der Staten-General. (1880). Bijlagen van het Verslag der Handelingen (1. Nederlandsch (Oost-)Indië) [Koloniaal Verslag van 1880 Nederlandsch (Oost-) Indië]. Handelingen der Staten-General.
Van Bavel, B. J. P. (2008). The organization and rise of land and lease markets in northwestern Europe and Italy, c. 1000–1800. Continuity and Change, 23(1), 13–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416008006668
van der Linden, M. L. M. (1970). De Grondverhuring door Inlanders aan niet-inlanders op Java en Madoera: Vastgesteld bij de Ordonnantie van 27 Augustus 1900. In Staatsblad no. 240. Masereeuw en Bouten.
van der Moore, C. (1865). Algemeen Verslag Preanger Regentschappen. Inventaris Arsip Preanger Regentschappen, ANRI (6/1).
Vinthagen, S. (2017). Clover, Joshua (2016) Riot. Strike. Riot: The New Era of Uprisings. Journal of Resistance Studies, 3(1), 221–224. https://doi.org/10.63961/2025.086
Vollenhoven, V. (1918). Van Vollenhoven on Indonesian Adat Law (J. F. Holleman, R. Kalis, & K. Maddock, Trans.; Selections from Het Adatrecht van Nederlandsch-Indië (Volume I, 1918; Volume II, 1913)). Springer Science + Business Media.
Wahid, A. (2018). Dualisme Pajak di Jawa: Administrasi Pajak Tanah di Wilayah Vorstenlanden pada Masa Kolonial, 1915–1942. Lembaran Sejarah, 13(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.33510
Wright, T. J. (2023). ‘Constituencies of Control’ – Collective Punishments in Kenya’s Mau Mau Emergency, 1952–55. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 51(2), 323–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2022.2093475
Zulyanti, M., Zuriatin, Z., Syahbuddin, S., & Hidayat, G. (2025). Dampak Kebijakan Agraria Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Petani di Pulau Jawa, 1870-1940. Fajar Historia: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah dan Pendidikan, 9(2), 336–349. https://doi.org/10.29408/fhs.v9i2.31774
