Analisis Cerpen untuk Pembelajaran Sejarah Amerika
Keywords:
intoleransi, krisis identitas, rasisme, cerpen, sejarah Amerika
Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji tiga cerita pendek Amerika yang berlatar tiga zaman sejarah yang berbeda: “The Minister’s Black Veil” oleh Nathaniel Hawthorne (Kaum Puritan di New England), “Désirée’s Baby” oleh Kate Chopin (Perbudakan di Louisiana sebelum Perang Saudara), dan Ken Liu’s “The Paper Menagerie” (Pernikahan antar ras di Amerika tahun 1970-an). Dengan menggunakan metode close reading, penelitian kualitatif ini menganalisis ketiga cerpen yang menjadi data primer dan mengkontekstualisasikannya dengan sejarah Amerika, biografi pendek masing-masing pengarang, dan teks-teks yang relevan yang diperlakukan sebagai data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, ketiga cerpen menggambarkan intoleransi, krisis identitas, dan rasisme dalam berbagai tingkatan. Kedua, supremasi agama dan warna kulit mendominasi sepanjang sejarah Amerika seperti yang diungkapkan secara imajinatif oleh setiap cerita. Ketiga, meskipun diperlakukan tidak adil, tokoh perempuan bertahan hidup. Sikap mereka memberikan pandangan baru tentang peran perempuan yang sering diabaikan oleh sejarah resmi. Sebagai simpulan, cerita pendek dapat diberikan sebagai materi pengayaan yang bermakna dalam pembelajaran sejarah untuk menggugah cara berpikir kritis, empati, serta kegembiraan dalam belajar.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Amboro, K. (2020). Kontekstualisasi Pandemi Covid-19 dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah. Yupa: Historical Studies Journal. https://doi.org/10.30872/yupa.v3i2.203
Awang, M. M., Ahmad, A. R., & Talib, N. S. A. (2016). Penggunaan Multimedia Dalam Pendidikan Sejarah Pada Abad Ke-21 Dan Hubungannya Dengan Minat Belajar Sejarah. Jurnal Pemikir Pendidikan.
Chopin, K. (2014). Désirée’s Baby. The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bayou Folk.
Clark, A. (2004). History teaching, historiography, and the politics of pedagogy in australia. Theory and Research in Social Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2004.10473260
Cook, M. R. (2016). Counter-narratives of slavery in the Deep South: The politics of empathy along and beyond River Road. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2015.1100624
Cruz, B. C., & Thornton, S. J. (2013). Teaching social studies to English language learners, second edition. In Teaching Social Studies to English Language Learners, Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203094167
Davis, A. M. (2014). Apologies, Reparations, and the Continuing Legacy of the European Slave Trade in the United States. Journal of Black Studies, 45(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934714529794
Dewi, N. (2013). Women of will for nation building in Pramoedya’s three early novels. Kritika Kultura, 20.
Einhaus, A. M. (2016). Cultural memory, teaching and contemporary writing about the First World War. In Literature and History. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306197316668055
Gavins, R., & Gavins, R. (2016). Civil Rights Act of 1964. In The Cambridge Guide to African American History. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316216453.066
Hamm, T. (2016). Quakers and Puritans review article. Reviews in History. https://doi.org/10.14296/rih/2014/1881
Hardiana, Y. (2017). Pembelajaran Sejarah Indonesia Berbasis Peristiwa-peristiwa Lokal di Tasikmalaya untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis. Historia: Jurnal Pendidik Dan Peneliti Sejarah. https://doi.org/10.17509/historia.v1i1.7008
Hawthorne, N. (2004). The Minister’s Black Veil. The Project Gutenberg EBook of Twice Told Tales, by Nathaniel Hawthorne. https://flexpub.com/ofpreview/twice-told-tales-2
Hirsch, A. R., & Bell, C. C. (1998). Revolution, Romanticism, and the Afro-Creole Protest Tradition in Louisiana, 1718-1868. The William and Mary Quarterly, 55(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/2674390
Hower, J. S. (2019). ‘All good stories’: historical fiction in pedagogy, theory, and scholarship. Rethinking History. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642529.2018.1456096
Kang, N. (2009). Puritanism and its impact upon American values. Review of European Studies, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v1n2p148
Kaplan, H. (2018). Democratic humanism and American literature. In Democratic Humanism and American Literature. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203793527
Kartodirjo, S. (1989). Fungsi Sejarah dalam Pembangunan Nasional dalam Historika No.1 Tahun I. In Historika No.1 Tahun I. Pascasarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Universitas Negeri Jakarta KPK Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta.
Kopley, R. (2012). Naysayers: Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville. In The Oxford Handbook of Transcendentalism. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195331035.013.0044
Kurniawan, G. F. (2020). Problematika Pembelajaran Sejarah dengan Sistem Daring. Diakronika. https://doi.org/10.24036/diakronika/vol20-iss2/148
Leise, C. (2017). The story upon a hill: The puritan myth in contemporary American fiction. In The Story upon a Hill: The Puritan Myth in Contemporary American Fiction. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2018.1473201
Liu, K. (2011). The Paper Menagerie. In The Paper Menagerie and Other Stories (pp. 26–43). Saga Press.
Lu, M. C.-W. (2005). Commercially Arranged Marriage Migration. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 12(2–3). https://doi.org/10.1177/097152150501200206
Luzer, D. (2013). The Protestant Work Ethic Is Real. Pacific Standard, 2–5.
Maulana Yusuf A, Nurzengky Ibrahim, & Kurniawati. (2018). PEMANFAATAN MUSEUM SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH. Visipena Journal. https://doi.org/10.46244/visipena.v9i2.455
Muse, C. (2014). The Dark Side of Human Nature. Kentucky English Bulletin.
Packer, J. I. (1994). Theology on fire. Christian History, 13(1).
Pestana, C. G. (1993). The Quaker Executions as Myth and History. The Journal of American History, 80(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/2079866
Printina, B. I. (2017). Penggunaan Sumber Belajar Digital Exelsa Moodle dan Komik Toondo Dalam Meningkatkan Kreativitas Belajar Sejarah. AGASTYA: JURNAL SEJARAH DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA. https://doi.org/10.25273/ajsp.v7i2.1489
Putra, I. E. (2014). Teknologi Media Pembelajaran Sejarah Melalui Pemanfaatan Multimedia Animasi Interaktif. In Jurnal Teknoilogi Informasi.
Ririmasse, M. N. (2017). Sebelum Jalur Rempah: Awal Interaksi Niaga Lintas Batas di Maluku dalam Perspektif Arkeologi. Kapata Arkeologi. https://doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v13i1.388
Sanchez, T., & Mills, R. (2005). “Telling Tales”: The Teaching of American History through Storytelling. Social Education.
Senen, A., & Barnadib, I. (2004). Tantangan Guru Sejarah: Pesan Sejarah sebagai Konsep Pendidikan Nilai. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan. https://doi.org/10.21831/pep.v2i3.2090
Stambuk, A. (1999). Learning to Hover: Robert Frost, Robert Francis, and the Poetry of Detached Engagement. Twentieth Century Literature. https://doi.org/10.2307/441951
Stoddard, J. D. (2012). Film as a “thoughtful” medium for teaching history. Learning, Media and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2011.572976
Strong, T. B. (2017). Hawthorne, the politics of sin, and puritanism. In Telos (Vol. 2017, Issue 178). https://doi.org/10.3817/0317178121
Ufie, A. (2011). Kearifan Lokal (local Wisdom) Budaya Ain Ni Ain Masyarakat Kei Sebagai Sumber Belajar Sejarah Lokal Untuk Memperkokoh Kohesi Sosial Siswa. Repository.Upi.Edu.
VanSledright, B. A., & Kelly, C. (1998). Reading American History: The Influence of Multiple Sources on Six Fifth Graders. Elementary School Journal. https://doi.org/10.1086/461893
Yakushko, O., & Rajan, I. (2017). Global Love for Sale: Divergence and Convergence of Human Trafficking with “Mail Order Brides” and International Arranged Marriage Phenomena. Women and Therapy, 40(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2016.1213605
Youngs, S. (2012). Understanding History through the Visual Images in Historical Fiction. Language Arts.
Awang, M. M., Ahmad, A. R., & Talib, N. S. A. (2016). Penggunaan Multimedia Dalam Pendidikan Sejarah Pada Abad Ke-21 Dan Hubungannya Dengan Minat Belajar Sejarah. Jurnal Pemikir Pendidikan.
Chopin, K. (2014). Désirée’s Baby. The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bayou Folk.
Clark, A. (2004). History teaching, historiography, and the politics of pedagogy in australia. Theory and Research in Social Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2004.10473260
Cook, M. R. (2016). Counter-narratives of slavery in the Deep South: The politics of empathy along and beyond River Road. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2015.1100624
Cruz, B. C., & Thornton, S. J. (2013). Teaching social studies to English language learners, second edition. In Teaching Social Studies to English Language Learners, Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203094167
Davis, A. M. (2014). Apologies, Reparations, and the Continuing Legacy of the European Slave Trade in the United States. Journal of Black Studies, 45(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934714529794
Dewi, N. (2013). Women of will for nation building in Pramoedya’s three early novels. Kritika Kultura, 20.
Einhaus, A. M. (2016). Cultural memory, teaching and contemporary writing about the First World War. In Literature and History. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306197316668055
Gavins, R., & Gavins, R. (2016). Civil Rights Act of 1964. In The Cambridge Guide to African American History. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316216453.066
Hamm, T. (2016). Quakers and Puritans review article. Reviews in History. https://doi.org/10.14296/rih/2014/1881
Hardiana, Y. (2017). Pembelajaran Sejarah Indonesia Berbasis Peristiwa-peristiwa Lokal di Tasikmalaya untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis. Historia: Jurnal Pendidik Dan Peneliti Sejarah. https://doi.org/10.17509/historia.v1i1.7008
Hawthorne, N. (2004). The Minister’s Black Veil. The Project Gutenberg EBook of Twice Told Tales, by Nathaniel Hawthorne. https://flexpub.com/ofpreview/twice-told-tales-2
Hirsch, A. R., & Bell, C. C. (1998). Revolution, Romanticism, and the Afro-Creole Protest Tradition in Louisiana, 1718-1868. The William and Mary Quarterly, 55(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/2674390
Hower, J. S. (2019). ‘All good stories’: historical fiction in pedagogy, theory, and scholarship. Rethinking History. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642529.2018.1456096
Kang, N. (2009). Puritanism and its impact upon American values. Review of European Studies, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v1n2p148
Kaplan, H. (2018). Democratic humanism and American literature. In Democratic Humanism and American Literature. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203793527
Kartodirjo, S. (1989). Fungsi Sejarah dalam Pembangunan Nasional dalam Historika No.1 Tahun I. In Historika No.1 Tahun I. Pascasarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Universitas Negeri Jakarta KPK Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta.
Kopley, R. (2012). Naysayers: Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville. In The Oxford Handbook of Transcendentalism. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195331035.013.0044
Kurniawan, G. F. (2020). Problematika Pembelajaran Sejarah dengan Sistem Daring. Diakronika. https://doi.org/10.24036/diakronika/vol20-iss2/148
Leise, C. (2017). The story upon a hill: The puritan myth in contemporary American fiction. In The Story upon a Hill: The Puritan Myth in Contemporary American Fiction. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2018.1473201
Liu, K. (2011). The Paper Menagerie. In The Paper Menagerie and Other Stories (pp. 26–43). Saga Press.
Lu, M. C.-W. (2005). Commercially Arranged Marriage Migration. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 12(2–3). https://doi.org/10.1177/097152150501200206
Luzer, D. (2013). The Protestant Work Ethic Is Real. Pacific Standard, 2–5.
Maulana Yusuf A, Nurzengky Ibrahim, & Kurniawati. (2018). PEMANFAATAN MUSEUM SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH. Visipena Journal. https://doi.org/10.46244/visipena.v9i2.455
Muse, C. (2014). The Dark Side of Human Nature. Kentucky English Bulletin.
Packer, J. I. (1994). Theology on fire. Christian History, 13(1).
Pestana, C. G. (1993). The Quaker Executions as Myth and History. The Journal of American History, 80(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/2079866
Printina, B. I. (2017). Penggunaan Sumber Belajar Digital Exelsa Moodle dan Komik Toondo Dalam Meningkatkan Kreativitas Belajar Sejarah. AGASTYA: JURNAL SEJARAH DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA. https://doi.org/10.25273/ajsp.v7i2.1489
Putra, I. E. (2014). Teknologi Media Pembelajaran Sejarah Melalui Pemanfaatan Multimedia Animasi Interaktif. In Jurnal Teknoilogi Informasi.
Ririmasse, M. N. (2017). Sebelum Jalur Rempah: Awal Interaksi Niaga Lintas Batas di Maluku dalam Perspektif Arkeologi. Kapata Arkeologi. https://doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v13i1.388
Sanchez, T., & Mills, R. (2005). “Telling Tales”: The Teaching of American History through Storytelling. Social Education.
Senen, A., & Barnadib, I. (2004). Tantangan Guru Sejarah: Pesan Sejarah sebagai Konsep Pendidikan Nilai. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan. https://doi.org/10.21831/pep.v2i3.2090
Stambuk, A. (1999). Learning to Hover: Robert Frost, Robert Francis, and the Poetry of Detached Engagement. Twentieth Century Literature. https://doi.org/10.2307/441951
Stoddard, J. D. (2012). Film as a “thoughtful” medium for teaching history. Learning, Media and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2011.572976
Strong, T. B. (2017). Hawthorne, the politics of sin, and puritanism. In Telos (Vol. 2017, Issue 178). https://doi.org/10.3817/0317178121
Ufie, A. (2011). Kearifan Lokal (local Wisdom) Budaya Ain Ni Ain Masyarakat Kei Sebagai Sumber Belajar Sejarah Lokal Untuk Memperkokoh Kohesi Sosial Siswa. Repository.Upi.Edu.
VanSledright, B. A., & Kelly, C. (1998). Reading American History: The Influence of Multiple Sources on Six Fifth Graders. Elementary School Journal. https://doi.org/10.1086/461893
Yakushko, O., & Rajan, I. (2017). Global Love for Sale: Divergence and Convergence of Human Trafficking with “Mail Order Brides” and International Arranged Marriage Phenomena. Women and Therapy, 40(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2016.1213605
Youngs, S. (2012). Understanding History through the Visual Images in Historical Fiction. Language Arts.
